Expressive Theories of Law: a General Restatement

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1504 I. EXPRESSIVE THEORIES OF REASON AND ETHICS IN GENERAL ... 1506 A. The Concept ofExpression ..................................................... 1506 B. Expressive Theories of Individual Conduct ............................. 1508 II. EXPRESSION AND COLLECTIVE ACTION ................................... 1514 A. Collective Agents in General ................................................. 1514 B. The Democratic State As a Collective Agent ............................ 1520 C. The Nature of Expressive Harm ............................................ 1527 III. EXPRESSIVE THEORIES OF LAW: THE EXPRESSIVE DIMENSIONS OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW ............................. 1531 A. The Equal Protection Clause ........................................... 1533 B. The Establishment Clause .................................................... 1545 C. The Dormant Commerce Clause ........................................... 1551 D . Federalism .......................................................................... 1556 IV. ADLEP'S INTERPRETIVE ERRORS ............................................. 1564 A. ConfusingExpression with Communication ......................... 1565 B. Communication, Shared Understandings, and Social Relationships ........................................................ 1570 CONCLUSION ................................................................................. 1575